The Beatles Essay Scaruffi Example For Students

The Beatles Essay Scaruffi The Beatles to this day are one of the most famous andpopular rock ‘n roll groups in the world. The Beatlesinclude George Harrison, John Lennon(1940-1980), PaulMcCartney, and Richard Starkey(Ringo Starr). All of theBeatles where born and raised in Liverpool, England. JohnLennon was considered the leader of the band. GeorgeHarrison was the lead guitarist. John Lennon was a songwriter, one of the two lead singers, and rhythm guitarist. Paul McCartney was a song writer, one of the two leadsingers, and a bassist. Ringo Starr played the drums. John Lennon’s first band was called the Quarrymen (namedafter his High School). None of the three Beatles were inthis band. Paul joined the group in 1957 and Harrisonjoined in 1958. They played with bass guitarist SutSutcliffe, and Pete Best, a drummer. Sutcliffe left in 1961and Ringo Starr joined the band. Pete Best was asked toleave the band on April 16, 1962. He was considered theBeatles undisputed sex symbol. The Beatles were discoveredon November 9, 1961 by Brian Epstein, a manager of a recordstore in Liverpool as well as an x British Army soldier. We will write a custom essay on The Beatles Scaruffi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Beatles first two song were â€Å"Love Me Do† andâ€Å"Please, Please Me.† The Beatles starred in two movies, â€Å"AHard Days Night,† and â€Å"Help.† They also had their own fulllength cartoon called â€Å"Yellow Submarine.† The movie â€Å"A HardDays Night† earned 1.3 million dollars in its first week. The Beatles early music was influenced by singers ChuckBerry and Elvis Presley. In November of 1963 the Beatles performed in front ofthe Queen of England. This was an incredible honor. By theend of 1963 the Beatles were the biggest music group inEngland. The Beatles came to New York City for the firsttime in 1964. They were an instant success.A couple ofweeks later after their New York appearance, the five bestselling records were by the Beatles. They became worldfamous by the end of 1964. Also in 1964 the song â€Å"I Want ToHold Your Hand† marked the beginning of â€Å"BEATLEMANIA.†The Beatles were unusual because most rock was strongbeat with no melody. The Beatles added melody to rock. TheBeatles also added strong and meaningful lyrics. John Lennonwrote a book called â€Å"In His Own Write.† The Beatles starteda new era of music. They wore their hair long and shaggy. This haircut was known as the Beatles haircut. All acrossthe world people started wearing their hair like theBeatles. John Lennon described the Beatles like this â€Å"When yousaid it, it was crawly things, when you read it, it was beatmusic.† The Beatles made their last stage appearancetogether in 1966. In 1967 the Beatles put together a masterpiece. The master piece was Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely HeartClub Band. The Beatles never had a chance to performSergeant Peppers Lonely Heart Club Band. Also in 1967 BrianEpstein, the manager of the Beatles, died. Also in 1967 theBeatles directed a movie, Magical Mystery Tour. The moviewas about themselves in which they toured the Englishcountryside in search of wonder, fun, and magic. In 1970 the world famous and world loved Beatlesseparated. Everybody was hoping to see the Beatles comeback together. That hope ended when the peace loving JohnLennon was killed outside his New York City apartment by 25year old Mark David Chapman.

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton

Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Introduction The Democratic-Republicans and the federalists contributed tremendously to the US politics which was faced with a lot of opposition from both sides and the forces behind this were between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They had remained as icons of the ancient politics and this was clearly manifested from their differences in opinions in every aspect on crucial matters, be it in the Constitutional affairs or in the matters of economy. Therefore, their differences contributed significantly in matters of rights versus federal authority, which resulted to them impacting hugely to the US politics. Differences between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton According to Howard Pintozzi (2008, 78) the differences between the two was quite obvious in the respect that Alexander Hamilton was a federalists while Thomas Jefferson a Democratic-Republican who was considered to be a prophet of the enlightenment (Katz 1976, 342). Differences in their opinions and thinking could be seen where Federalist Alexander Hamilton preferred a strong central government, as opposed to that of the state retaining its authority which was favored by Thomas Jefferson. More of this was also seen where; Alexander Hamilton wanted the power to be in the hands of the well-educated and wealthy persons, other than being in the hands of the people. Thomas Jefferson on the other hand preferred the land owners and the elite ruling class to hold this kind of privilege. Economy was also a major concern for the two, which saw Thomas Jefferson promoting Agriculture as the future for the country, as opposed to that of shipping, manufacturing and commerce which was favored by Alexander Hamilton. All their opinions were based on major aspects of the country which needed to be transformed and this resulte d to them having followers, although their followers believed that none of them was addressing their issues. (Sandel 1997, 167) Still on their differences, Alexander Hamilton was known to interpret the Constitution loosely meaning that the powers would be given freely without being stated as opposed to strict adherence which was supported by Thomas Jefferson. The Impact Their differences resulted to them having different views on every aspect in the political arena. In that respect, the Democratic-Republican (Thomas Jefferson) favored the French, since he believed that the French Revolution was capable of producing a government that was similar to that of the American’s political alignment. The sentiments were not felt by the opposition side since they favored the neutrality in that domain.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the Federalists (Alexander Hamilton) had a notion that the French Revolution was having a negative influence in their country’s politics. He believed in a central government where the power was held by a few people and he feared that the spread of other ideas might bring a rebellion of a mighty nature (Howard and Pintozzi 2008, 110). Jefferson on the other side ventured for another weapon that revolved around the pernicious ideas (Appleby 1982, 83). In the end, this resulted to the Congress passing a law during the year of John Adams administration giving rise to the naturalization Act. It demanded that a person must stay for fourteen years before citizenship could be issued. With that, the Alien Act was given the orders of arresting and detaining foreigners who did not meet the criteria. More concern was further driven towards the Sedition Act, which limited the freedom of speech and expression. Federalist therefore used the Alien and Sedition Act in order to silence the critics (Democratic-Republica ns). To Jefferson and others, this appeared to be abuse of power while on the other hand; it helped them since the immigrants who had been staying in the country were poor and hence drawn to their Democratic-Republicans. With such laws in place, the less fortunate could not vote in any elections. (Howard and Pintozzi 2008, 116) Later on, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison produced a note to the Sedition Act and Alien in the form of Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which stated that if a state believed that the federal law was to be unconstitutional then they were not at liberty to follow it. According to Martin (1999, 103) the Sedition Act was an example of a â€Å"hbel† statute, which was meant to overthrow the federalist (Howe 1967, 55). This later came to be the Doctrine of Nullification meaning that the state could nullify a national law if they believed in it having a negative impact on the Constitution. The debate of rights versus federal authority played a part and t his led to the Civil War which was heavily attributed by the differences in character between the federalist (Alexander Hamilton) and the Democratic-Republicans (Thomas Jefferson) (Mason 1952, 234). Conclusion As discussed above, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had differences in opinions which were manifested in every step of their political life. This led to the formation of the two groups, that is, the Democratic-Republicans and the federalists, which they served including other members who shared the same sentiments. They were the main drivers of politics in the early years and this resulted to a number of things being enacted, such as the Sedition Act among others. Reference List Appleby, Joyce. 1982. What Is Still American in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson? Omuhundro Institute of Early American History and CultureAdvertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton specifically for you for only $1 6.05 $11/page Learn More Howard, Kindred and Pintozzi, Duke. 2008. American Book Company’s passing the North Carolina US History End-Of Course test Diagnostic Test. Woodstock: GA. Howe, John. 1967. Republican Thought and the Political Violence of the 1790s. NY: Johns Hopkins University Press. Katz, Stanley. 1976. Thomas Jefferson and the Right to property in Revolutionary America. Chicago: University of Chicago. Martin, James. 1999. When Repression Is Democratic and Constitutional: The Federalist Theory of Representation and the Sedition Act of 1798. HeinOnline’s Law Journal Library. Mexico. Mason, Thomas, Alpheus. 1952. The federalist- A Split Personality. American Historical Association. Vol 223 (2) Sandel, Michael. 1997. Keynote Address: Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. HeinOnline’s Law Journal Library.

Human Resource Management in Competitive Environment Essay

Human Resource Management in Competitive Environment - Essay Example These areas account for the vast mainstream of academic work in the field. The paper concludes with our appraisal of how research should be built-up from this point forward. There is still important diversity in the literature over the implication of 'strategic human resource management' and its cohort term, 'human resource strategy'. It is vital that we take time to explain our terms, because the definitions we assume color the way we think about the key conjectural tribulations connected with the subject. To initiate with, what do we mean by 'human resource management' and by that old word 'strategic' Our inclination is for a broad, comprehensive definition of HRM. human resource management comprise anything and all connected with the management of service relationships in the firm. We do not connect human resource management exclusively with a high-commitment model of labor administration or with any exacting ideology or style of organization. High-commitment strategies do exist, but we are also apprehensive with the many cases in which management is following routine goals through lower levels of regard or is looking for to manage composite, segmented employees through variable levels of dedication (Boxall 2001; Purcell 2001, 1999a). To produce better theory and enable better practice, the academic regulation of human resource management should identify and evaluate the variety of organization styles that exist in modern workplaces. What dissimilarity does it make, then, when we apply the adjective strategic to HRM In many cases, together with a large number of manuals, it means nothing at all. If, though, we aim to be careful about words, the request of the adjective strategic must imply a concern with the ways in which human resource management is critical to organizational effectiveness. There are always strategic alternatives associated with labor progression in the firm -- whether highly considered or largely developing in management behavior -- and these choices are unavoidably associated to the firm's performance (Child 1972, 1997; Dyer 1984; Mintzberg 1978; Purcell and Ahlstrand 2003, 37-42). It is helpful to think of strategic choices on two levels: they either play a vital role in reinforcement the firm's viability (make-or-break choices) or them explanation for major, ongoing differentiation in business performance (Boxall and Steeneveld 1999). In adopting this sympathetic, it is suitable to refer to a firm's pattern of strategic choices in labor administration (including critical ends and means) as its 'human resource (HR) strategy' (Dyer 1984). To illustrate what we mean about strategic choices in HRM, take the case of a management consulting firm that aims to join the elite cluster of firms that are transnational, if not 'global' in their reach (firms such as McKinsey, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Anderson Consulting). There is no doubt that such a firm must have highly selective recruitment and strong development of staff to ensure it can consistently offer clients high-quality service on complex business problems.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 9

Research Paper Example Yet, regardless of the motivation that exists for encouraging individuals to join street gangs, the fact of the matter is that participation and juvenile membership in street gangs has noticed a marked increase in the past several years time. Whereas other types of crime have slowly been decreasing, crimes associated with gain participation, membership, initiation rites, and all of the other aspects that go alongside this have statistically increased at an alarming rate. Gang crime also provides an additional headache for law enforcement as well as the justice system due to the fact that locating and prosecuting juvenile gang members for crimes committed on behest of the gang is oftentimes difficult if not impossible due to the completely unknown structure of the game that exists as well as the near impossibility of penetrating these criminal organizations to gain valuable intelligence. As such, seeking to understanding causal relationships and criminal theory that ultimately explain such behavior has been a fundamental research goal of criminologists and social scientists of late. Accordingly, the following analysis will review the â€Å"strain theory† as it relates to juvenile gang membership. Bureaucratic organized crime exhibits a number of tell-tale marks that help to differentiate it from the more commonly known and recognized patron-client networks of organized crime. One analyst noted the following: â€Å"Juvenile crime is unique in that it oftentimes exhibits a level of organization that is clearly not seen with respect to other types of crime throughout the system† (Goddard et al., 2000). However, just because bureaucratic organized crime may be less recognizable, it does not mean in any way that it exists to a lesser degree in our society. A few of the most recognizable aspects of bureaucratic organized crime is

Religion is a double-edged sword, both supporting and undermining Essay

Religion is a double-edged sword, both supporting and undermining political authority and social elites - Essay Example It has brought positivity into the culture of the society when the politics of the nation has failed them. (Cauthen) Let us now look at religion as a support towards political authority and elites, and then we shall look at religion undermining political authority and elites. During the days of the crusades, Christianity as a religion took complete control over the Roman Empire. It entered the zone of politics and was extremely instrumental in taking control of the empire. Religion has for long contained the fervor of politics. Nowadays, in countries like the Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the rest of the Middle East along with Pakistan and Afghanistan, religion takes the primary role in shaping the political and administrative identity of the nations. However, in countries like the USA, the European countries, religion has undermined the role of politics and has taken a step back in matters regarding politics and other important matters, which are crucial in the governance of the country. ("Politics & Elections") Religion has been a subdued way of living for the people in the Western countries since they are not concerned with the type of religion of the people, but are more concerned with the humanitarian nature of the people. This part of the paper shall study how religion undermines and supports the elites in different countries. In those countries where the influence of religion is very high the elites manage the affairs of the country through the use of religion. It is a very balanced state of affairs, which has an influence upon the way the functioning of the states, happens. It is imperative to note that states where the importance of religion is primary, the elites also don the hat of religious groups in order to settle with the people of the State. Through the ages the elites have supported the religious identities and

History Of Suspension System Engineering Essay

History Of Suspension System Engineering Essay For my assignment, I will be talking about suspension. I will explain everything from the early development of the suspension system, the research and development, the differences of each suspension towards application, and so on. The main why the assignment has been done is because it teach us and tells us all sorts of things that is all about suspension and why is has build in such a way that the suspension should perform depending on the type of cars. History of Suspension System The first suspension to be introduced is from horse-drawn carriages in the 19th century. It uses a multiple layer of steels, or in some cases, use wood as a spring. It is known as a leaf spring. As modern cars were design to move at a faster speed, new type of suspension are needed. In the early 1900s, shock absorber were being introduced in cars by a guy name The Function and the Purpose of a Suspension System The main role of a suspension system is to maintain a maximum contact between the tyres and the road surface, to provide steering stability and also to provide good handling during low-speed and high-speed corners. The suspension helps to generate as much traction as possible, depending on the driver and how the driver handle the cars suspension system and helps to minimize the body roll resistance. It helps to isolate the body from the vibrations of the shock absorbers. Roads that currently exist are not flat and straight. If the roads are all flat and straight, theres no point installing a suspension system for cars. When roads are not flat, theres a force reacting on the shock absorber and the springs through the wheel. According to Newtons law of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. The other main importance of a suspension system is that help to provide a correct alignment during steering, to reduce the amount of body roll, to allow the driver to turn corner agg ressively without extreme body roll and to prevent body dive, that is to reduce the body to tilt up and down during acceleration and braking. Two main components are responsible to all these kind of job that is shock absorber and spring. Spring The function of the spring is to support the weight of the vehicle, and to absorb road shocks being transferred from the wheels. The spring bounces up and down when passing through holes, bumps, and uneven road surfaces. There are all sorts of springs: Coil- It is made out of a special steel rod, which is made by winding a wire around a cylinder. It is most commonly used in light vehicles. The wire will twist when the coil is being compressed or stretched. The design of a coil spring can be a cylindrical, barrel or conical shaped, depending on what kind of spring that are required for the type of the car. The material used for springs have to be capable of withstanding high stress and resisting fatigue. In early design, designers use high-carbon steel, but today, designers use a very minimum amount of alloy steel such as silico-manganese are used. Leaf Spring- It has several flexible tempered plates with different length, which is stacked and being held by a steel clip. It is mainly used on rear-wheel drive vehicles, such as 4 wheel drive. The function is the same as the coil, but the only difference is that the leaf has minimum amount of flexibility than the coil. The stiffness or rate of a leaf spring is governed by: Length of the spring- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" the length of the spring, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Width of the leaf- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the width of the spring, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Thickness of the leaf- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the thickness of the leaf, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Number of leaves- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the amount of leaves, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Torsion Bar- A torsion bar is a long straight alloy-steel bar, fixed between the chassis to the suspension control arm. The torsion bar will twist at the centre of the bar when the spring moves upward and downward. The spring rate varies the length and the diameter of the bar. When the driver turns the wheel, the torsion bar will twist, and reduces the roll tendency. Air Spring- It is a rubber cylinder, filled with compressed air. This kind of spring is being used in heavy commercial vehicles and luxury cars. It provides comfort compared to the coil spring. The volume of air is being varied, depending on the load of the vehicle being added, to lower the vehicle, and go adjust the stiffness of the air spring. Rubber Spring- It is used as the main suspension spring, or fitted with a metal springs to improve / upgrade the suspension characteristics. Shock Absorber The function of a shock absorber is to help dampen the amount of bounce created by the spring. The absorber gives the spring the freedom of bounce, but shock absorber is there to help dampen the undesired amount of bounce and thus, create stability of the vehicle. Here are the few types of shock absorber being used currently on the roads: Hydraulic Shock Absorber- Most of the vehicles are using this kind of shock absorber. It is called a direct-acting telescopic type. Its damping action is being produced by the oil transfer, which is under pressure, and goes through the small valve which helps to restrict the oil flowing in and out. The most widely used is the twin-tube type. During compression, the piston moves towards the shock absorber. And during rebound, its a complete opposite. Gas-Pressurized Shock Absorber- In the hydraulic shock absorber, the oil heats up as the suspension is in motion. This shock absorber helps to reduce the dissolve pressure by using fluid with nitrogen. This improves the dampening effect, thus improves the absorbers performance. Load-Adjustable Shock Absorber- This type of absorber helps to pressurize the shock absorber when the springs are under load. By adjusting the pressure, it helps to maintain the car height and adjusting the suspension stiffness. This helps to reduce the discomfort of the driver and the passenger. In order to reduce the discomfort of the driver and the passenger, the driver can adjust the air spring manually. The construction is almost as similar as the air spring, where you can adjust the ride height and the stiffness of the absorber. Manual Adjustable-Rate Shock Absorber- The adjustable-rate absorber has a feature where you can change the spring oscillations by changing the rate of dampening. It has a damper rate adjustment located on the external of the shock absorber. You can control the restriction of the oil passing through by changing the valves in the piston. Electronic Adjustable-Rate Shock Absorber- It acts the same as the manual adjustable-rate shock absorber. The only different between the manual and the electronic is that the rate of the shock absorber can be controlled electronically or by drivers choice. This is a solenoid operated with the help of the ECU, which allows different types of modes to choose. Automatic Load-Adjustable Shock Absorber- Also called as self-leveling shock absorber. When theres load on the vehicle, the shock absorber will self maintain at a pre-set level. It automatically adjusts the height of the vehicle, depending on the load added at the rear axle. It consists of air-adjustable shock absorbers fitted at the rear, an air-dryer assembly, ECU, and an electrically-driven compressor. Types of Suspension System There are all sorts of suspension system being used today, and they are: Non-independent Suspension Solid / Live and Dead / Beam axle suspension system A Live axle is an old technology. It is a combination of a solid axle being put across the cars chassis, which is being connected at both front and the back of the wheels. This suspension is not independent, so when 1 wheel goes through a hump, the shock produced on that wheel will be transferred to the other wheel. This Live / Solid axle suspension consists of a drive shaft, a differential, and a strong tube enclosing all these things. The unsprung weight for this kind of suspension is very high because the whole axle assembly is fixed rigidly to the wheels. The result of an unsprung weight is that the more weight it gains, the momentum is higher. So in this case, a lot of momentum the springs have to handle because springs cannot absorb momentum, so therefore part of the momentum has to be transferred to the car body in a shock form. Because of this, this kind of axle does not provide a good ride quality. In the Dead / Beam axle, theres not driving axle on it, so therefore it has a very minimum amount of unsprung weight and it produces better ride quality than a live axle. Advantage Disadvantage Cheap Its not independent Body roll does not interfere with the camber of the wheels Theres no ride quality Simple construction The size is not practical When one wheel has a force on it, the force is being transferred to the other wheel DeDion axle suspension system In the late 70s, non-independent suspension market is stronger than the independent suspension, although the independent suspension were invented many years ago. The main reason why is because non-independent suspension is cheaper and offers better handling than the independent suspension. In this suspension, it helps to eliminate all the unsprung weight rather than the live axle suspension. It has minimum amount of unsprung weight is because the differential / final drive and the drive shafts are not rigidly attached to the rear wheels and therefore they are part of the car body and its flexibility to the wheels with the help of the universal joints. By using the DeDion technology, it helps to improve the ride quality by limit the wheel track variation when the suspension is at motion. In order to do this, the DeDion technology uses a sliding joint. The best part of using this is that it is always perpendicular to the road surface by keeping both wheels on the road surface, excludin g the body roll. Advantage Disadvantage Cheaper than most independent suspension Its not a independent suspension The camber are not being affected even with body roll The ride quality is not as good as the independent suspension The ride quality is more superior than the live axle suspension When the car is on a bump, both of the rear wheels will be cambered Semi-Independent Suspension Twist-beam rear suspension It is based on a large H shaped member. The front of the H shaped member is being attached to the chassis with the help of rubber bushings and the rear of the H shaped member is attached to the wheels. The H manage to get the support by using the cross beam. The cross beam serves as to provide roll stiffness during corner and bump. It has a twisting action when both trailing arms move vertically. Coil springs and shock absorbers are being used in this system, located either behind, or alongside with the wheels. It provides high motion ratio and the end result, giving better performance and the weight reduction. The location of the cross beam is longitudinal as the roll steer control and its camber compliance. Independent Suspension Swing axle suspension system Its an old suspension, first introduced by some sports cars in 1950s. This kind of technology has been phased out in 2 decades due to its weaknesses. The adjustment of the camber angles can be detuned by changing to a longer swinging arm. Usually, this kind of technology serves a lot of under steer, so by setting the wheels to a negative camber, it helps to reduce the unnecessary amount of under steer. Advantage Disadvantage Provides an Independent shock absorption Provides a very bad handling during corner So much body roll Tends to oversteer a lot Trailing / Leading arm suspension system A large piece of suspension that helps to support the coil springs, which are being located in front of the rear axle and connected to the axle of the cars chassis. The main role of this kind of suspension is to allow the wheels to move up and down and this does not allow the camber to change. The only time the camber changes during corners. The advantage and the disadvantage are the same as the semi-trailing arm suspension. Semi-trailing arm suspension system In this design of suspension, compare to the trailing / leading arm suspension, its pivoted in an incline angles, roughly in between 50 to 70 degrees. The feature of the suspension is the same with the trailing / leading arm suspension. In both semi-trailing and the trailing / leading arm suspension are rigidly attached to the wheels. So when taking corner or taking bump aggressively shocks and noises will be transferred to the cars chassis. But now days, automotive industry are moving to multi-link or double wishbone suspension. So therefore, the trailing / leading and semi-trailing arm suspension is going to be phased out. Advantage Disadvantage Its an all rounder, not much weakness Detuned version of multi-link suspension Understeer, but not much When the wheels are moving up and down, the camber angle changes Shocks and noise are being transferred to the cars chassis Adaptive air suspension system It uses air suspension rather than using the conventional shock absorber and coil spring. You can electronically changes the damping rates to suit the driving conditions. The air suspension inflates and deflates; depending on the driver weather the driver choose the height of the car. Advantage Disadvantage Provide precise handling Expensive parts Capable of handling heavy load Adjustable height and spring rate Torsion beam suspension system Majority of the small car segment uses this kind of suspension. Its half-independent, which consist of a torsion bar, which is being used to limit the degree of freedom when force is being produced when taking in a corner. Its more superior to its competitor, like the MacPherson strut suspension. Advantage Disadvantage Provides more leg room for the rear seat of the car and more space for the boot Doesnt provide the same ride and height quality as the double wishbone or the multi-link suspension Cheap Limited amount of freedom Easy to maintain Inferior in ride and handling quality Double wishbone suspension system In this era, many sports car such as Lotus, Ferrari, and all the famous top marquee car brands, are using this kind of suspension system because it can be used at both front and rear wheels, and to top it all off, it has almost near perfect camber control. Its has long been used in racing, sport and top of the range cars for more than 40 years as it provides better and precise control. Its main role is to maintain the wheel perpendicular with the road surface, no matter how aggressive the driver handle the car. In the early days of double wishbone, it consists of 2 parallel wishbone arms in equal length. The main problem with this is that the tyres are producing excessive scrubbing due to the variable track width when the wheels are shifted off from the neutral position. So engineers have given a best solution, which is to develop unequal length and non-parallel A-arms to solve the problem. By doing this, the engineers tilted up the upper arm. The shock absorbers and the coil springs are installed onto the wishbones because it helps the engineer to adjust camber and caster angle, toe, roll centre height and scrub radius. The reason why 1 wishbone is shorter than the other is because to make the camber negative. The shorter wishbone is installed on the upper mount. When it sets to a negative camber, the result is a positive camber gain on the outer wheel when the vehicle is turning. Not only that, the outside wheel gains back negative camber due to shorter upper arm. Advantage Disadvantage Proper camber control Not space saving Provides good handling Expensive Low unsprung weight A lot of components and needs more pick up points in the cars chassis Strong MacPherson strut Chapman strut suspension system Invented by a guy the name of Earl S. MacPherson in the 1940s. Ford started to use this kind of technology in the 1950 because of its low cost and space saving and thus, MacPherson is one of the dominating suspension system. In the design, the telescopic shock absorber purpose is control the wheel position, and because of this, it doesnt require an upper arm. It is very compact because the strut is build vertically. Many front wheel drive and compact cars inherit this kind of suspension system because of the space being occupied by the engine and the transmission. This design is not suitable in sports and performance car as its height requires a higher hood and fender line. And because of this, it doesnt provide a good handling and it has a little camber change, unlike the double wishbone suspension. MacPherson can be used in both front and rear wheels. Another kind of strut is the Chapman strut being introduced by a guy name Colin Bruce Chapman, founder of Lotus. Its another kind of Independent Rear Suspension (IRS) that is using a lateral link with a long spring strut. The features are the same as the MacPherson and its used for the rear of the wheels. Only some model such as Lotus and the Datsun are using this suspension but it has already being phased out. Advantage Disadvantage Small and compact Provides an average handling Cheap and easy to maintain Camber change due to body roll Simple design Excessive height Multi-link suspension system This kind of suspension system is being introduced in the late 1980s. More modern cars are using this kind of suspension system as it is independent suspension system, uses a minimum amount of short links being attached to the hub carrier and to the body, and it developed a consistent handling and traction. Its mainly used in rear wheels, not the front wheels. It helps to allow the individual wheel in the rear of the cart to move freely during bumps and uneven roads without affecting the opposite wheel. But during the Research Development of the cars, most manufacture favors MacPherson struts, swing axle and trailing arm because of its disadvantage of the suspension system. The multi-link suspension uses a few amounts of short links, being attached to the cars chassis. The link are being used to eliminate the changes of the camber angle during movement, and to control the Toe and Caster depending on the geometry design of the link. Some manufacturers use 3, or possibly up to 5 links to provide better performance. This kind of suspension is expensive, but an Italian company named Magneti Marelli, are developing a cost-effective multi-link suspension for small cars. In their new design, it uses a flexible links to reduce the cost and use a simple bushing to reduce noise being transmitted to the cockpit. Advantage Disadvantage Provides good handling More expensive than the MacPherson and torsion beam Provides good ride comfort Not compact Poor camber control Heavy Too complex Leaf suspension system Leaf suspension is the oldest suspension in the automotive industry. And today, there are still cars that are using leaf spring, mainly for 44, trucks, and other heavy vehicles. The leaf suspension makes its way in production in the 70s. Even some race cars are using leaf suspension system but only in dirt and asphalt. There are 4 kinds of leaf being introduced, and they are: The monoleaf: The spring is thin and provides a low rate shocks. But in this design, it requires an additional support of springs because monoleaf is not sufficient enough to support the additional load. Multileaf: Its made up to multiple layers of leaves with different length. Many 44 are using this kind of suspension as it provides higher spring rate and manage to support and control the axle. Advantage Disadvantage Capable of supporting the weight of the chassis The steel tends to lose its shape Able to control the chassis roll more efficient The handling will be affected when the sag is uneven Manage to control the rear end wrap-up and axle damping Not much adjustment Capable of controlling the lateral forces produced by the car, the same feature as the panhard bar Hard to install Manage to withstand braking forces Not much dampening so therefore, the ride will become stiff During acceleration and braking, it manage to regulate the wheelbase length Cheap Simple design Sliding pillar suspension system This kind of suspension features are almost the same as the independent rear suspension. And to be precise, it works as well as the current suspension system such as the wishbone suspension system and trailing link suspension system. But this technology is long gone in the 1950s and being replaced by wishbone. Sub-frame mounting suspension system In modern cars, reducing noise, vibration and harshness are important to the users. And in conventional suspension system, suspension systems are mounted to the chassis. In this suspension, it uses a sub-frame mounting to overcome the noise, vibration and harshness from the conventional suspension system. Its made out of aluminium to reduce the excessive weight. Rubber Suspension System The reason why rubber suspension is being introduced is because it can store more energy per mass than any conventional type of suspension. The rubber springs works during compression, meaning to say that it replaces coil spring. Twin traction beam suspension system Commonly known as a TTB. It is an independent suspension used by 44. It was first recognize by Ford in the 1950s. This kind of suspension has an axle thats able to break into two suspension members. This suspension is being used to minimize the camber and track change. When one of the wheels camber changes, the other follows but in an opposite direction. Advantage Disadvantage The suspension travel distance Camber becomes negative a lot when in corners Stability Reducing body roll Design Shock Absorber In the automotive world, there are 2 kind of basic shock absorber design that is still in use today. They are: Twin Tube design Gas Charged Twin Tube Position Sensitive Dampening (PSD) Twin Tube Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube Mono-Tube design Air shock absorber Damper shock absorber Twin Tube Damper Low Pressure Gas Filled Twin Tube Damper High Pressure Gas Filled Mono Tube Damper Linear Damper Before I explain further the difference between these two shock absorbers, I would like to explain the basics of the shock absorber. Many people dont really know, or even care about the importance of the shock absorber. The main role of a shock absorber, in general, is to reduce as much movement of the suspension and the spring control as minimum as possible. To accomplish this, the hydraulic fluid helps to remove all these energy through thermal, or heat energy. The construction of a shock absorber is practically like an oil pumps. The piston is used to push the hydraulic fluid into the pressure tube with the assist of a piston rod. The hydraulic fluid is being forced to go through tiny orifices into the piston as the suspension is at motion, which is up and down. The resistance of a shock absorber varies, depending on how fast and the size of the orifices being pushed through the piston. Modern shock absorber can reduce the amount of bounce, roll, brake dive and acceleration squat because of the velocity sensitive hydraulic dampening being installed into the shock absorber. In other words, the faster the suspension movement, the higher the resistance of the shock absorber being provided. When the shock absorber is in motion, its moving up and down. When it moves up and down, it means the shock absorber is doing a compression cycle and extension cycle. Lets take a closer look at the compression and extension cycle. Compression Cycle In order for the fluid to move from chamber A to chamber B, it has to go through 3 valve stages in the compression valve. When the piston is in a slow motion, the piston pushes the fluid flows through the oil port but with a restricted amount of fluid being flown to the oil port in order for both chambers to be controlled. But when the piston are moving in a fast motion, the opening of the disc from the valve seat are open widely in the camber B and causes the increase of fluid pressure below the piston. Theres restriction in the third stage orifice when the vehicle are at high speed. Extension Cycle The extension cycle happens where the piston and the rod are being pushed upwards. When the piston are moving upwards, the pressure in the chamber A will be higher than the pressure in the chamber B and thus the fluid are being flown into chamber B by going through 3-stage extension valve. The fluid volume in chamber A is insufficient t fill into the chamber B because the piston rod are being withdrawn from chamber B and this causes the pressure in the reserve tube are greater than the pressure in chamber B, causing the compression valve to be unseated. Twin Tube Design Lets take a look at the Twin Tube design. This kind of shock absorber has 2 tubes, one is known as the working pressure or pressure tube, and the other tube is known as the reserve tube. As you can see the picture on the left, the outer tube is used to store excessive fluid when the shock absorber is moving upwards and downwards. When the pressure tube is short of fluid, the reserve tube sends fluid to the pressure tube. During compression, the fluid in the pressure tube sends fluid to the reserve tube. The upper mount of the shock absorber are usually being connected to the vehicles chassis. There are all sorts of rubber being used in between the shock absorber and the chassis in order to reduce road noise and vibration being transmitted to the cockpit. The rubber bushings are flexible, so therefore the suspension can move freely. In the picture, you can see that the upper mount is also known as the piston rod, and the bottom of it is a piston. The piston rod needs to be guided when its at motion, so the engineers use a rod guide; some call it bushing, to keep the piston and the piston rod straight. The seal are being used to keep the fluid and the pressure inside the shock absorber. At the base of the shock absorber, theres a base valve, normally known as a compression valve. This item helps to control the fluid movement when the shock absorber is at motion. The design / bore size of the piston varies, depending on what application. Most 44 are using bigger bore size than the sedan cars. And because of the large piston diameter, the unit will become larger and the potential control will be higher. With bigger diameter, the operating temperature and the pressure is low due to area of the shock absorber and the piston bore and thus, this provides higher damping capabilities than the smaller bore. There are a few types of twin tube shock absorber: Gas Charged Twin Tube shock absorber Position Sensitive Damping (PSD) Twin Tube shock absorber Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube shocker Gas Charged Twin Tube Shock Absorber This kind of suspension system uses low pressured nitrogen gas in the reserve tube but the amount of nitrogen gas varies, depending on the amount of fluid inside the reserve tube. The purpose of the gas is to minimize the hydraulic fluid aeration to prevent the foam build up because foam can be compressed. The gas charged shock absorber provides engineers more flexibility to design the valve. The other main advantage is that in the vehicle, it creates a mild boost of spring rate. Among the other benefits of this shock absorber is: The reduction of roll , sway and dive, the handling is improved Providing better smooth control in any road conditions and corners Longer heat transfer in gas charged shock absorber Position Sensitive Damping (PSD) Twin Tube Shock Absorber The Position Sensitive Charged is still new in the automotive world. In this design, the ride control and comfort are optimized, thanks to the tapered grooves located at the pressure tube. This absorber provides a smooth and a comfortable by reducing the resistance onto the piston, by allowing the fluid to pass freely and smooth around the piston. Here are the advantages of this shock absorber: Providing a smooth ride Can easily adapt to variable road and weight conditions. Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube Shocker The features of this absorber is the same as the other twin tube shock absorber, the only addition is that the compression valve is design to sense a bump on the road and automatically adjust the shock to provide better control of the shock absorbed. Mono-Tube Design In the mono-tube design, theres only one tube in the high-pressure gas shocks, known as the pressure tube. There are two working piston inside the mono-tube design, that is a working piston and a dividing piston. The mono-tube and the twin tube design are almost similar but the only difference is that the mono-tube can be install in any way, either mounted upside down or right side up, but either way, it still works the same. The unique design of the shocks is that it doesnt use a base valve, but it uses a piston to control the extensions and compressions. In the mono-tube design, it has a larger pressure tube to comply with the dead length, compared with the twin tube design. The downside of this design is that its going to be difficult for the engineers to install this kind of shocks into the cars instead with the twin tube design. The separation of the gas and the oil is done, with the help of the free-floating dividing piston. The gas below the dividing piston is pressurized, at around 360 psi to accommodate the vehicles weight. When the shocks are at motion, the movement of the dividing piston varies, depending on the movement of the piston rod in order for the pressure in the tube are pressurized at all times. Heres the upside of the design: Can be mounted freely, compare to the twin tube design, and helping to reduce the unnecessary unsprung weight The working tube can work harder because the working tube is exposed, so therefore can be cooled easily. Every upside of the design, theres always a downside: Easily destroyed when theres a dent Hard to install onto the passengers car that has a twin tube design Damper Shock Absorber Damper shock absorber, or as short, damper, are used to provide an optimum absorption of shocks and smooth lateral deceleration. The dampers can be powered by fluid, or mechanically powered.

The Path to True Happiness: Choosing Love over Desire Essay -- Homers

Motivation is the reason why people behave the way they do. It is the driving force behind human behavior and is what compels actions toward a desired goal. There are copious amounts of varying motivating forces. In Homer’s Iliad, it is honor and glory, whereas, love drives Augustine’s actions in The Confessions. In Meditations, Marcus Aurelius holds that the transient nature of life be the incentive behind human action. Despite the differences in reasoning and motivation, all four texts demonstrate the natural tendency of humans to give into desire in pursuit of happiness. However, true happiness only exists in divine love. As follows, focusing on the ego and one’s desires results in separation from and rejection of divine love and leads, inevitably, to unhappiness and harm to oneself and others. The desire and ultimate goal of the heroes in The Iliad is the fame that endures even after death. Honor and glory guide every action and response they make because honor and glory define the hero in their society. The war served as an opportunity for many to find honor and glory, as they could be gained through great, gallant deeds in battle. Achilles and Hector are both portrayed as great fighters seeing that their presence greatly affect a battle. Paris, on the other hand, must be dragged out of the city to fight in the war he instigated. Only when Hector â€Å"raked [him] with insults, stinging taunts† and shameful things about his character did he return to battle (6.384). Good social standing is essential to the fame and power that the heroes desire. If Paris is to be deemed honorable and glorious, he must leave the safety and comfort of his home and pull his weight in battle. Ultimately, Paris’s pride and desire to be liked and respe... ...n to die. Therefore, it is important to live like it is your last day and to strive to be a better person. For this reason, humans should realize that yielding to desires in the physical world will not constitute eternal happiness. It is only with the help of the gods can humans truly be happy and when it is time to depart from life, Marcus Aurelius encourages humans to welcome death â€Å"for [the gods] would not involve you in anything bad† (2.11). Death should be seen as a precious release because with God’s love and grace, the soul is freed from the battered flesh casing. By actively choosing the corruptible elements of the physical world rather than the eternal, perfect forms, humans bring evil unto themselves. Throughout The Confessions, Augustine is divided between sexual desire and spiritual desire. Motivated by love he seeks to find a solution to his division.

Legacy of Algeria

Algeria remains one of France’s most valuable possessions during the colonial period. The country was a French colony for over a century until the early 1960s when nationalist agitation caused independence to be granted to the country. This form of revolt, which began gathering momentum in 1954 and lasted till 1962, is what became known as the Algerian War. Even though this war ended since 1962, the memories of the War are still present especially in France. Moreover, this war appears to be the most significant part of France’s involvement in Algeria.This essay will therefore look at the legacy created in France as a result of their involvement in Algeria. The essay will also examine the huge debates and controversies created by memories of the war in France. Aspects of brutality by the French police will equally be examined.Torture was a significant part of the Algerian and this aspect has sparked a series of debates and controversies in France ever since the war ended . During the more than one hundred thousand Algerians were tortured[1] by European born French police officers and pro-French Algerians who had been known to be very brutal when they handled matters relating to French Algerians in Paris. Several interrogation centers were created and the torture of Algerians by French auxiliary police was synonymous to these interrogation centers. Methods used where water torture, impaling on bottles and electric shocking.[2]   It was incidents like these that made the Algerian War to be labeled the most brutal in all colonial battles that France got involved in. In fact the conduct of the war welcomed a lot of criticisms from the French public without even bordering about the goals of the war. It is therefore no surprising that French men termed the war, â€Å"dirty war†.[3]Torture was so common to the extent that General Paul Aussaresses, whom at the time of the war was working with the French Special Service in Algeria and   who took p art in the battle of Algiers, which was aimed at hunting and destroying Algerian fighters acknowledged the use of torture when he held that,Among the operations in which I participated, most led to interrogations.Others to simple liquidation, which occurred on the spot. . . . [T]hose who  arrived in Tourelles [an interrogation center] were considered to be so  guilty that they did not leave alive. . . . [T]orture was used systematically if  the prisoner refused to talk, which was often the case. Rarely were prisoners  who were interrogated at night alive in the morning. If they talked ornot,  Ã‚  they were generally neutralized. . . . Summary executions were an integral  part of the task of maintaining order[4]The employment of torture by French police in the Algerian war created a significant impact in France, years after the War was over. To begin with, it sparked up a huge debate in France and the issue was whether torture was used during the Algerian war. This debate has been going ever since the war ended. For instance, in 1979, the issue about torture became so popular, to then that public opinion had to be sampled to see those who believed that torture was part of France’s colonial rule in Algeria. More than 50% of opinions sampled confirmed that they believe torture had been part and parcel of the Algerian crisis.[5] In later year the issue received more recognition to the extent that, opinion polls showed 94% of the population holding the belief that torture had been employed by French police during the Algerian War.The legacy left behind by the Algerian had serious ramifications in French politics. The question on torture again received recognition for the role it played during presidential campaigns in France. This was the case of the presidential elections in France in France in 2002. During campaigns major candidates were demanded to justify their stance with regards to the use of torture Algerian war.[6] Majority of the candida tes in this case were out rightly against torture.[7] In fact, ever since the war ended, the manner in which the war was handled has always aroused criticisms with emphasis placed on the use of torture. How ever, it is important to understand that French citizens have never really criticized the motive behind their involvement in Algeria. Instead, they criticize the manner in which the government reacted when things started going wrong in Algeria.The Algerian case also left it trade mark in the legal department in France. This is because, years after the incident, some of the perpetrators of what has been considered as cowardly acts have been brought before the court. Moreover, trials of this kind have drawn a lot of attention from the press. A case in point is the trial of Maurice Papon, who was the brainchild behind the suppression of Algerian demonstrators. Papon was a government functionary in France’s possessions in North Africa during the 1940s and 50sThis case was pres ided over in Bordeaux by Jean Louis Castagnà ©dà ©s.[8]During this trial, Papon asserted that he was never in support of the use of torture. He pointed out the he was never in control of the military, the main perpetrators of these acts, therefore, there was little he could do to stop them.[9] Even though Papon was freed for medical reasons, this case went further to strengthen the legacy of the Algerian situation in France. For instance the case pushed writers to work and in the process a number of works on Papon were produced. General works were also written on Papon and his trial. One of such works was marc Olivier Bruch’s scholarly study of the French administration under Vichy, titled Pour Servir l’Etat Francaise.On the commercial level some of these works gained a lot of grounds. This could be seen in the steady variety of books, movies and television shows, which came out to help bring to light the degree of torture experienced during the Algerian adventure. O ne of these movies, perhaps the most commercially successful, titled Avoir Vingt ans dans l’Aures released in 1971 and the documentary La Guerre d’Algerie and a lot of other documentary revealed the hidden practices of the of the French army in Algeria.[10]In fact Pascal Ory has tried to summarize central theme underlying most of the French movies and documentaries on the Algerian war when hen he writes, â€Å"French cinema did everything it could to give the image of the Algerian War as a ‘dirty war’† Also, another history of French movies holds the position that â€Å"Torture obsesses the cinema of the Algerian War.[11] Most of these movies and documentaries have gained a lot of grounds on the commercial level.Another legacy left by the Algerian war in France has been the commemorations in France marking the 1961 massacre. This incident occurred when dozens of Algerians were peacefully marching in Paris on October 17 1961. These of Algerians were ruthlessly killed. During the early years of the French government acknowledged the need for regular commemorations to mark this incident. The most outstanding was that held on the occasion of the 40th anniversary. This event was commemorated with demonstrations, exhibitions, film showings, and a colloquium held in the National Assembly, with distinguished panelists and some of the survivors of the event.[12]The legacy created by the Algerian questions in France has created a lot of controversy in France. For instance, national petition came demanding that the 1961 massacre be labeled a crime against humanity. This petition was welcomed by many intellectual elites amongst them were Pierre Bourdieu, Maurice Agulhon, Madeleine Rà ©bà ©rioux, Jacques Derrida. Such calls pushed the Paris City Council to affix a plaque on the Seine Bridge where several Algerians were dumped in to the river Seine on the day of demonstration. It even took time before the decision on what was to be writt en on the plaque. The wordings were carved on the plaque affixed on the left bank of the bridge crossing River Seine: To the memory of all the Algerians killed during the bloody repression of the peaceful demonstration of 17 October1961.†[13] Many human right groups and leftist have also welcomed the position that that the massacre be considered a crime against humanity.Another area of controversy in the Algerian crisis is centered on the proper word to term it. The French never wanted to consider it a war, instead they less hard phrases such a move to maintain order have always been preferred. However, a new understanding stemming from the rising concerns of the occurrences during the conflict made the French parliament in 1999 to label the Algerian case a war. This new development seems to have weakened the stance of many with regards to the horrors of the conflict.[14] This indicates the impact created by the Algerian crisis in France if one considers the fact that the conf lict has been a call for concern right in the French Assembly.Another area of controversy has been on the impact of trials like the case of Maurice Papon. People have been asking questions on whether it is necessary to try somebody for a crime committed some fifty years back. The French government sees it different. For instance, France which is one of those countries championing the course of democracy and human has to do something keep her credibility towards these this course.Moreover, it is imperative for trials of this kind to take place so that they could act as preventive measure for those who ever find their self in situations like the case in Algeria.Above all, there has also been a huge debate on the impact trials of this kind could have at the level of pedagogy.From the above, it is clear that the Algerian question has left a big scar on the French society judging from the memories of the war, which keeps circulating in France and among French people and Algerians. Moreov er, some people still remain divided on certain aspects of the war and it is this situation that has sparked up controversies when talking about the Algerian war.ReferenceCohen, William B. â€Å"The Algerian War and the Revision of France’s Overseas Mission†.Project Muse.Golsan, Richard J. â€Å"Vichy Afterlife† History and Counter History in Postwar France.Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.[1] William B. Cohen, â€Å"The Algerian War and the Revision of France’s Overseas Mission†, Project Muse, 228. [2] Richard J. Golsan, â€Å"Vichy Afterlife† History and Counter History in Postwar France (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 167. [3] Cohen, â€Å"The Algerian War †, 229. [4] Ibid, 232. [5] Ibid, 230. [6] Ibid, 236. [7] Ibid. [8] Golsan, â€Å"Vichy Afterlife†, 158. [9] Ibid, 162. [10] Cohen, â€Å"The Algerian War †, 229 [11] Ibid, 229. [12] Ibid, 234. [13] Ibid, 235. [14] Cohe n 231

How to Identify Trees With Leaves

How to Identify Trees With Leaves Would you like to learn how to identify trees in your local community? The best place to get started is by looking at the trees foliage.   Trees With Leaves This is a big category, so lets break it down into two main groups: Trees with needles or scale-like leaves.  Cedar and juniper trees have scale-like leaves that look more like flattened out fans than either leaves or needles.  Cedar  trees have green scales and small cones.  Junipers, on the other hand, have bluish, berry-like cones. Trees with leaves.  To make things simpler, we are once again going to break this category into two groups. Trees With Simple Leaves These trees have one leaf attached to each stem. Leaves with a consistent leaf edge are called unlobed leaves while trees with leaves that form shapes along their margins are called lobed leaves.  If your tree has unlobed leaves, you must next determine whether or not it has teeth - or serrations around its margin. Unlobed and smooth (no teeth).  Magnolia  have large, glossy green leaves with rust-colored hairs on the under-surface.  Live oaks  have long slender deciduous leaves and small acorns.  Dogwoods  have wavy edges and 6-7 veins that pattern either side of the leafs midrib. If your tree has leaves that are oblong or elliptical and appear crowded on short branches, it might be a  Blackgum.  And if its leaves are thick and pointed, it might be a  Persimmon.Unlobed and serrated.  Willow  trees have long skinny leaves.  Basswood  trees have wide leaves with coarse teeth and a notched area around the stem.  Elm  trees are asymmetrical at the stem and double serrations around the edge. If your trees leaves are soft and shiny with teeth that curve in from the surface, it is probably a  Beech.  If its leaves are heart-shaped with double serrations, it is likely a  Birch. And if it has elliptical leaves with jagged edges, it is probably a  Cherry.  Ã‚  Lob ed. If your tree had leaves with different lobe patterns on the same tree, it is probably a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Sassafrass  or a  Mulberry.  If the lobes seem to radiate from a central point like fingers on a hand, it is called palmate and it is a maple, sweetgum, sycamore, or poplar.  Maple  trees have three to four lobes and are arranged opposite of one another on the branch.  Sycamore  trees have big leaves that are larger than four inches with shallow lobes and alternating (not directly across from one another,) on the branch. Trees with star-shaped leaves with pointed lobes are likely  Sweetgums.  And leaves that look like they have been cut off or flattened at the top with two lobes on other side of the mid-rib are probably  Poplars. If the lobes appear to radiate from several points along the midrib, the leaves are considered pinnate and it is either an oak or a holly tree.  White Oak  trees have lobes that are rounded along the edges and no spines.  Red Oakà ‚  leaves are rounded at the base but jagged or spiny along the edges. And  Holly  trees have small red berries and leaves with sharp, pointed lobes. Trees With Compound Leaves Palmately compound leaves. Trees in this category have multiple leaves that appear to grow from the same point on the stalk.  Buckeye  trees have long leaves with jagged saw-toothed edges while Horsechestnut  trees have shiny nuts and seven leaflets that turn yellow in the fall.Pinnately compound leaves. Trees with that have pinnate compound leaves have leaflets that grow from multiple points along the stem. Leaves that appear doubly compound (leaflets within leaflets,) are likely  Locust  trees.  Hickory  trees have nine blades that are uneven in size and alternate along the stem.  Ash  trees have leaflets that are opposite from one another along the stem and are the same shape and size. Walnut  trees have 9-21 pointed leaflets that alternate along the stem.  And  Pecan trees have 11-17 curved, sickle-shaped leaflets that alternate along the stem.

Tlaltecuhtli - The Monstrous Aztec Goddess of the Earth

Tlaltecuhtli - The Monstrous Aztec Goddess of the Earth Tlaltecuhtli (pronounced Tlal-teh-koo-tlee and sometimes spelled Tlaltecutli) is the name of the monstrous earth god among the Aztec. Tlaltecuhtli has both feminine and masculine attributes, although she is most often represented as a female deity. Her name means The one who gives and devours life. She represents the earth and the sky, and was one of the gods in the Aztec pantheon most hungry for human sacrifice. The Tlaltecuhtli Myth According to Aztec mythology, at the origin of time (the First Sun), the gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca began to create the world. But the monster Tlaltecuhtli destroyed everything they were creating. The gods turned themselves into giant serpents and wrapped their bodies around the goddess until they tore Tlaltecuhtlis body into two pieces. One piece of Tlaltecuhtlis body became the earth, mountains, and rivers, her hair the trees and flowers, her eyes the caves and wells. The other piece became the vault of the sky, although, in this early time, no sun or stars were embedded in it yet. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca gave Tlatecuhtli the gift of providing humans with whatever they need from her body, but it was a gift that didnt make her happy. Sacrifice Thus in Mexica mythology, Tlaltecuhtli represents the surface of the earth; however, she was said to be angry, and she was the first of the gods to demand the hearts and blood of humans for her unwilling sacrifice. Some versions of the myth say Tlaltecuhtli would not stop crying and bear fruit (plants and other growing things) unless she was moistened with the blood of men. Tlaltecuhtli was also believed to devour the sun every night just to give it back every morning. However, the fear that this cycle could be interrupted for some reason, such as during eclipses, produced instability among the Aztec population and was often the cause of even more ritual human sacrifices. Tlaltecuhtli Images Tlaltecuhtli is depicted in codices and stone monuments as a horrific monster, often in a squatting position and in the act of giving birth. She has several mouths over her body filled with sharp teeth, which were often spurting blood. Her elbows and knees are human skulls and in many images she is portrayed with a human being hanging between her legs. In some images she is portrayed as a caiman or alligator. Her open mouth symbolizes the passage to the underworld inside of the earth, but in many images her lower jaw is missing, torn away by Tezcatlipoca to prevent her from sinking beneath the waters. She often wears a skirt of crossed bones and skulls with a great star sign border, symbol of her primordial sacrifice; she is often depicted with large teeth, goggle-eyes, and a flint-knife tongue. It is interesting to note that in the Aztec culture, many sculptures, particularly in the case of representations of Tlaltecuhtli, were not meant to be seen by humans. These sculptures were carved and then set in a hidden place or carved on the underside of stone boxes and chacmool sculptures. These objects were made for the gods and not for humans, and, in Tlaltecuhtlis case, the images faced the earth they represent. Tlaltecuhtli Monolith In 2006, a huge monolith representing the Earth Goddess Tlaltecuhtli was discovered in an excavation at the Templo Mayor of Mexico City. This sculpture measures about 4 x 3.6 meters (13.1 x 11.8 feet) and weighs about 12 tons. It is the largest Aztec monolith ever discovered, larger than the famous Aztec Calendar Stone (Piedra del Sol) or the Coyolxauhqui. The sculpture, carved in a block of pink andesite, represents the goddess in the typical squatting position, and it is vividly painted in red ochre, white, black, and blue. After several years of excavation and restoration, the monolith can be seen on display at the the museum of the Templo Mayor. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the guide to Aztec religion and the dictionary of archaeology. Barajas M, Bosch P, Malvaà ©z C, Barragn C, and Lima E. 2010. Stabilization of the Tlaltecuhtli monolith pigments. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(11):2881-2886. Barajas M, Lima E, Lara VH, Negrete JV, Barragn C, Malvez C, and Bosch P. 2009. Effect of organic and inorganic consolidation agents on Tlaltecuhtli monolith. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(10):2244-2252. Bequedano E, and Orton CR. 1990. Similarities Between Sculptures Using Jaccards Coefficient in the Study of Aztec Tlaltecuhtli. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 1:16-23. Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press. Boone EH, and Collins R. 2013. The petroglyphic prayers on the sun stone of Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina. Ancient Mesoamerica 24(02):225-241. Graulich M. 1988. Double Immolations in Ancient Mexican Sacrificial Ritual. History of Religions 27(4):393-404. Lucero-Gà ³mez P, Mathe C, Vieillescazes C, Bucio L, Belio I, and Vega R. 2014. Analysis of Mexican reference standards for Bursera spp. resins by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and application to archaeological objects. Journal of Archaeological Science 41(0):679-690. Matos Moctezuma E. 1997. Tlaltecuhtli, seà ±or de la tierra. Estudios de Cultura Nhautl 1997:15-40. Taube KA. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas. Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

Do you agree with Perkins' statement that the corporatocracy is in Essay

Do you agree with Perkins' statement that the corporatocracy is in fact an empire If so, why if not why not - Essay Example An empire can also be defined as supreme power or a jurisdiction of an entity or an organization. An example of an empire is the Roman Empire that rules from the Vatican City through the holy Catholic Church. Having defined the major terms, it is appropriate to find out whether corpocracy is an empire or not. Corporatocracy is, indeed, an empire. This is because an empire involves power and the rule of a collection of states. Corporations have today become so powerful due to their economic resources, and they influence the governance of many states all over the world. They do this through: exploiting economic control, influencing politics, determining the laws of the land, and manipulating policies of various governments. According to WorldiQ, corporations do this, for example, by owning and controlling main media outlets, and allowing access only to information that serves their interests, and influencing the enactment of laws that serve their wellbeing. For instance, in the United States, digital millennium copyright act was enacted due to pressure from corporations (WorldiQ). This was done to allow them to meet their self-centered goals and objectives. Power revolves around political, economic and social pillars, and control of these makes an empire. Corporations control these pillars, hence in charge of a conglomeration of states; corporatocracy is an

Race in Ancient Egypt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race in Ancient Egypt - Research Paper Example There are various theories that seek to establish the origins and hence the race of the people of Egypt. This paper will seek to demonstrate that the ancient Egyptians did not originate from one specific race. It will seek to demonstrate that the ancient Egyptian population resembles a melting pot, where groups from different regions were integrated into the Egyptian population. Background In terms of geography, the ancient Egyptians regarded Egypt as being divided into two kinds of land. These included the ‘red land’ and the ‘black land’. The black land comprised the fertile lands along the banks of river Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this to grow crops (Shuter 1999). It was the only land that could be farmed. This is because the soil was comprised of a rich layer of black silt. This was deposited when the Nile flooded. The red land referred to the barren desert on the two sides of the black land. The deserts separated the ancient Egyptians from invading enemies and surrounding countries. There were also sources of semi-precious and precious metals. However, before the days of the pharaohs (before 5000 BC), Ancient Egypt is believed to have been fertile and full of vegetation (Shuter 1999). In these times, there was no need to settle along the Nile. Many hunters and gatherers tribes conglomerated around in a nomadic fashion. Most of these are believed to have been of different origins and ethnicities. ... Those from the south (Upper parts of Egypt) originated in Nubia. Therefore, they had curlier hair and darker skin. In 3100 BC, Narmer united the land and commenced the Pharaonic period. Henceforth, the geography of the country changed, and ancient Egypt became one country. Today, the distinction of tribes can be seen in Egypt. The people who inhabit Aswan and Luxor are predominantly of Nubian influence. Those from Cairo or Alexandria are predominantly of Arabian influence. As seen above, River Nile had an imperative role in unifying the various tribes and races. The Nile River would flood on roughly yearly basis. After flooding, it created a fertile strip of land by the provision of silt. In this fertile strip, the Ancient Egyptian races would grow fruits and vegetables. Farming brought different races together in Ancient Egypt. In the period of the Pharaohs, everyone was made to gather crops together in harvesting season (Shuter 1999). The economy of ancient Egypt was based on grain s and wheat. For over 5000 years, the farmers created a civilization that was based on the union of the Nile River and the land. Important crops harvested during this times included emmer, barley, wheat, flax, papyrus reeds and castor oil. Some of these were exported to outside lands such as the Roman Empire. Race is an ill defined concept which is used to describe a population. In the ancient times, race was first recognized, described and finally classified using arbitrary and non-scientific methods. Despite the methods used to classify humans, there is substantial evidence that the human race originates from a single species. Biologists describe race as the difference in gene frequency in a given population. The difference is attributed